![]() Its importance in today's society rests on its ability to be mass produced using a highly automated process (semiconductor device fabrication) that achieves astonishingly low per-transistor costs.Īlthough several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged (known as discrete) transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors now produced are in integrated circuits (often shortened to IC, microchips or simply chips), along with diodes, resistors, capacitors and other electronic components, to produce complete electronic circuits. ![]() The transistor is the key active component in practically all modern electronics, and is considered by many to be one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century. The first MOS transistor actually built was by Kahng and Atalla at Bell Labs in 1960. This was the work of Gordon Teal, an expert in growing crystals of high purity, who had previously worked at Bell Labs. The first silicon transistor was produced by Texas Instruments in 1954. According to physicist/historian Robert Arns, legal papers from the Bell Labs patent show that William Shockley and Gerald Pearson had built operational versions from Lilienfeld's patents, yet they never referenced this work in any of their later research papers or historical articles. Pierce as a portmanteau of the term "transfer resistor". The term transistor was coined by John R. Solid State Physics Group leader William Shockley saw the potential in this, and over the next few months worked to greatly expand the knowledge of semiconductors. In 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States observed that when electrical contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, the output power was larger than the input. He discovered effects that could not be explained by two independently operating diodes and thus formed the basic idea for the later point contact transistor. The duodiodes he built had two separate but very close metal contacts on the semiconductor substrate. ![]() In 1934, German inventor Oskar Heil patented a similar device.įrom 1942 Herbert Mataré experimented with so-called duodiodes while working on a detector for a Doppler RADAR system. However, Lilienfeld did not publish any research articles about his devices, nor did his patent cite any examples of devices actually constructed. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed the first patent for a transistor in Canada in 1925, describing a device similar to a field-effect transistor or "FET". ![]() Following its release in the early 1950s the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things.Ī replica of the first working transistor. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits. Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. ACT-E128K32C-140F2C.A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals. ![]()
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